Answers for YPK SHS Computer Final Exam Trial 2012

Answers for YPK SHS Computer Final Exam Trial 2012

"Sukses ya Try Out-UAS-UAN nya Sis/Gan, jjang!"
"FIGHTING!"

1. Ethernet / LAN Card
2. P2P (Peer-to-Peer)
3. Bus
4. Modem
5. Router
6. Interconnects computers in a limited area
7. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
8. User
9. -> Freeware, Open source programs other than made by Microsoft, Adobe, Corel, etc.
10. Unix, Dos, Windows, Mac OSX, Linux
11. Compiler, Programing Language
12. Central Processing Unit
13. -> Other than Hard disk, Flash disk, Memory Card, CD, DVD, Floppy Disk, Tape Drive
14. -> Mouse, Keyboard, Webcam, Joystick, Scanner, Touchpad, Drawing Pad
15. VGA Card
16. Hardware
17. UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply)
18. “Menghitung”
19. Gateway/Modem (?)
20. Universal Serial Bus
21. 1, 2, & 3.
22. Rename
23. Upload
24. -> Other than Google Chrome, Safari, Firefox, IE
25. Internet Service Provider
26. ARPAnet
27. Download
28. Modulator Demodulator
29. WiFi / Ethernet Card
30. Ring Topology
31. LAN (Local Area Network)
32. Modem 33. Antenna/Wireless Access Point (?)
34. XAMPP, LAMPP, Apache
35. Manage Website
36. Hyperlink
37. Localhost or 127.0.0.1
38. <?php
39. Homepage
40. Server Side Scripting ; HTML -> Client Side Scripting
41. Duplicate File
42. Primary Key
43. Query
44. Summary of tupels in a relation
45. Manage Database
46. Currency
47. Structured Query Language
48. .accdb
49. DBMS
50. Auto Number
51. OLE Object
52. Data Manipulation Language
53. Drop
54. DML
55. Relationship
56. Break
57. ?
58. Strtoupper();
59. 19
60. Auto Increment (?)
61. Tree Topology
62. 110010
63. 181
64. $var
65. Echo
66. Header
67. Manage MySQL via Web browser
68. CSS
69. Background
70. Padding
71. Navbar / Nav-menu
72. No-repeat
73. <title></title>
74. Margin
75. <font color="">
76. 65536
77. 192.168.2.X
78. Blue
79. Topology
80. Conference Read More..

Step by step Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) setup in Vista

Vista lets you share your Internet connection with other computers on your network.
Logically enough, the feature that lets you do this is called Internet Connection Sharing, which gets abbreviated to ICS.
ICS can be a great way of saving time and money: instead of needing a modem and a phone line (or a DSL or cable modem) for each computer that needs Internet connectivity, you can get by with one modem and one phone line (or the equivalent). ICS is particularly good if you have a fast Internet connection such as a DSL or a cable modem that provides enough bandwidth for several computers under normal circumstances.


Set Up the Computer That Will Share the Connection
Start with the computer that will share the Internet connection. First set up your Internet connection,and then use the Network Setup Wizard to configure the computer by taking the following steps
Create and test an Internet connection using the information in the “Connecting to the Internet”.
Click on start Right-click Network and choose Properties from the context menu. You’ll see the Network and Sharing Center window.Click the Manage Network Connection link.



You’ll see the Network Connection window.You must have a minimum of two active network connections to make ICS work. The first connection is from your computer to the Internet. The second connection is from your computer to the rest of the network.



Right-click the connection to the Internet and choose Properties from the context menu.Select the Sharing tab. You’ll see sharing options like the ones shown.Check the first option to let other people use this connection to access the Internet. If you want to also allow others to manage the connection ,check the second option.Click Settings.



You’ll see the Advanced Settings dialog box shown where you can control the services that others can use on your system.




Check the standard services that you want other people to access.lick Add to add custom services to the list. You’ll see the Service Settings dialog box . Custom services require that you provide an IP address and port umber. You can make your custom service less vulnerable by choosing a different setting for the fourth field, Internal Port number for This Service, to a different value than the external port number.Click OK to add the custom service. ICS enables the option automatically.



Click OK twice to make the ICS connection functional. Vista will ensure that the connection doesn’t have any problems such as address conflicts.

Setting Up a Client Computer
Next, set up the first of your client computers. Make sure the Internet connection is still open on thecomputer you set up to share it, and then take the following steps
Open the Internet Options applet in the Control Panel. You’ll see the Internet Properties dialog box.Select the Connections tab.
Choose the Never Dial a Connection option.Click LAN Settings to display the Local Area Network (LAN) Settings dialog box.
Check the Automatically Detect Settings and the Use Automatic Configuration Script
options. Clear the Use a Proxy Server for Your LAN option. Click OK twice to change
the settings.
NOTE You may have to reboot or at least log out and then back into the system to make the connection work. Windows may not acknowledge the availability of the shared connection otherwise.

Source : http://www.windowsreference.com/windows-vista/step-by-step-internet-connection-sharing-ics-setup-in-vista/
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Configure Wireless in Windows Vista with WLAN Autoconfig

WLAN Autoconfig is the utility introduced in Windows Vista to configure your Wireless Network Adapter in your PC Laptop. This is the equivalent of Wireless Zero Configuration (WZC) service in Windows XP. A name is not necessary.. is it? This can be used instead of using the Wireless Network Configuration provided by the manufacturer like Intel. Advantage of using WLAN Autoconfig is it being a native operating system utility and the fact that there isn’t another bloated software that you don’t have to install and run on your computer. A minor downside is that advanced configurations (which we never use anyway) may not be possible.
To configure your Wireless using “WLAN Autoconfig”
1. Click Start – Control Panel
2. Click “View network status and tasks” (in classic view double-click Network and Sharing Center )
3. From Network and Sharing Center, click “Connect Network“. This will scan for a list of available networks.
4. Select your network and click Connect.
5. If the network requires (most likely) a security key or a passphrase, enter and click connect. You may choose “Display Character” if you want to see the characters you are typing.
6. Once connected, you an choose to Save the network and automatically connect to this network.

Source : http://www.windowsreference.com/windows-vista/configure-wireless-in-windows-vista-with-wlan-autoconfig/ Read More..

Howto Speed-Up Your Wireless Access

YOUR WIRELESS NETWORK

Add a Wireless Repeater/Access Point to extend the range of your wireless network. Of course, extending the wireless network without wires is “desirable” but this effectively cuts your bandwidth in half – whenever possible use a cable, which is dramatically faster and more secure!
NOTE: The Repeater/Access Point should be the same manufacturer as your Router.
You may need to replace your 2.4GHz cordless phones with either a 900Mhz or 5.8GHz style cordless phone due to interference.
Choose your router and network adapters from the same company. Manufacturers usually have a proprietary “turbo” mode that only works when using both their router and network adapters. As a side benefit; your overall configuration is usually easier.
Upgrade your 802.11a and 802.11b devices to 802.11g, which is much faster, and is backward-compatible with 802.11b devices.NOTE: A small one room environment (i.e. apartment, dorm room) with no future expansion should use 802.11a.
If you are using 802.11g – do not allow 802.11b devices onto your wireless network. Your network slows down to talk with the slower devices!
If you are using 802.11g – consider getting an MIMO antenna (which allows faster speeds at greater distances.)
Whenever possible, connect computers using a wired connection! Yes, this is an “Anti-tip” because you’re not even using the wireless network – but a direct connection is dramatically faster and more secure!

YOUR WIRELESS ROUTER / ACCESS POINT

If possible, place your wireless router (or access point) in a central location. Obviously, the closer you are to the access point; the better. But do not necessarily place the device on your roof (or up too high) – 4 to 6 feet off the ground is perfect.
Move the router off the floor and away from walls, TVs, electronic appliances (microwave ovens), and metal objects (file cabinets). These will interfere with your network’s radio signals.
Change your wireless channel. In the US and Canada wireless networks use channels 1, 6 (usual default), and 11. Avoid possible interference with neighboring wireless networks, by changing your wireless router’s channel and see if it improves signal strength or overall speed. NOTE: This doesn’t require any changes to your computer.
Update your Router’s firmware. Most routers easily update their firmware directly from their software. Updates usually only add a new feature, or increase stability and security; but sometimes can improve performance.
Try moving “around” the router’s antenna. Yes, I know this antenna is “supposed” to be omni-directional (meaning it broadcasts in all directions) – and moving it shouldn’t matter. . .but antennas can have strong and weak spots; wiggling the antenna can make a difference.
Upgrade your router’s antenna. The antenna that comes with your device is low powered and omni-directional. Upgrade to a more powerful (powered) antenna. If your router is near an outside wall, get a high-gain antenna that focuses the wireless signals only one direction.

COMPTUER

Optimize Windows – But needless to say if Windows is running slowly, so will your wireless network.
Apply all current Windows updates, and install and update AntiVirus & AntiSpyware software. OK, this doesn’t make your computer “faster.” In fact it can actually slow your computer down – but if you never get “infected” your computer will remain “fast!”

If you’re not using Windows File Sharing – turn it off!
Upgrade your wireless network adapter’s antenna. If your antenna is not “upgradeable,” you’ll be stuck purchasing a new wireless network adapter. NOTE: Portables with built-in WiFi usually have better antennas than the cheaper adapters that most portable own.
Even though it’s more convenient to have a portable computer’s antenna horizontal – it should be oriented vertically (up & down).
Update your Windows Wireless Network Driver. While Microsoft Update, is “supposed” to notify you of updates to your drivers – it’s best to visit the manufacturers website to double-check. Updates usually only add a new feature, or increase stability and security; but sometimes can improve performance.
If upgrading a wireless network adapter, use an adapter card before using a (slower) USB adapter. USB should not be used simply because it’s “convenient” – but if there are no other viable method to upgrade from 802.11a – than use USB.

Source : http://www.windowsreference.com/wireless/howto-speed-up-your-wireless-access/ (show after click read more...) Read More..

Network Basic Hardware Components

All networks are made up of basic hardware building blocks to interconnect network nodes, such as Network Interface Cards (NICs), Bridges, Hubs, Switches, and Routers. In addition, some method of connecting these building blocks is required, usually in the form of galvanic cable (most commonly Category 5 cable). Less common are microwave links (as in IEEE 802.12) or optical cable ("optical fiber").

Network interface cards

A network card, network adapter, or NIC (network interface card) is a piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network. It provides physical access to a networking medium and often provides a low-level addressing system through the use of MAC addresses.

Repeaters

A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal, cleans it of unnecessary noise, regenerates it, and retransmits it at a higher power level, or to the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances without degradation. In most twisted pair Ethernet configurations, repeaters are required for cable that runs longer than 100 meters. Repeaters work on the Physical Layer of the OSI model.

Hubs

A network hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied unmodified to all ports of the hub for transmission. The destination address in the frame is not changed to a broadcast address. It works on the Physical Layer of the OSI model..

Bridges

A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Bridges broadcast to all ports except the port on which the broadcast was received. However, bridges do not promiscuously copy traffic to all ports, as hubs do, but learn which MAC addresses are reachable through specific ports. Once the bridge associates a port and an address, it will send traffic for that address to that port only.

Bridges learn the association of ports and addresses by examining the source address of frames that it sees on various ports. Once a frame arrives through a port, its source address is stored and the bridge assumes that MAC address is associated with that port. The first time that a previously unknown destination address is seen, the bridge will forward the frame to all ports other than the one on which the frame arrived.

Bridges come in three basic types:

Local bridges: Directly connect local area networks (LANs)
Remote bridges: Can be used to create a wide area network (WAN) link between LANs. Remote bridges, where the connecting link is slower than the end networks, largely have been replaced with routers.
Wireless bridges: Can be used to join LANs or connect remote stations to LANs.
Switches

A network switch is a device that forwards and filters OSI layer 2 datagrams (chunk of data communication) between ports (connected cables) based on the MAC addresses in the packets. A switch is distinct from a hub in that it only forwards the frames to the ports involved in the communication rather than all ports connected. A switch breaks the collision domain but represents itself as a broadcast domain. Switches make forwarding decisions of frames on the basis of MAC addresses. A switch normally has numerous ports, facilitating a star topology for devices, and cascading additional switches. Some switches are capable of routing based on Layer 3 addressing or additional logical levels; these are called multi-layer switches. The term switch is used loosely in marketing to encompass devices including routers and bridges, as well as devices that may distribute traffic on load or by application content (e.g., a Web URL identifier).

Routers

A router is an internetworking device that forwards packets between networks by processing information found in the datagram or packet (Internet protocol information from Layer 3 of the OSI Model). In many situations, this information is processed in conjunction with the routing table (also known as forwarding table). Routers use routing tables to determine what interface to forward packets (this can include the "null" also known as the "black hole" interface because data can go into it, however, no further processing is done for said data).

Firewalls

Firewalls are the most important aspect of the network and its security in today's era. Due to maximization of attacks on the networks from various groups stealing data, denying services etc the firewall is playing a vital roles in computer networks.
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Types of networks based on physical scope

Common types of computer networks may be identified by their scale.

Local area network

A local area network (LAN) is a network that connects computers and devices in a limited geographical area such as home, school, computer laboratory, office building, or closely positioned group of buildings. Each computer or device on the network is a node. Current wired LANs are most likely to be based on Ethernet technology, although new standards like ITU-T G.hn also provide a way to create a wired LAN using existing home wires (coaxial cables, phone lines and power lines).


The defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast to WANs (Wide Area Networks), include their higher data transfer rates, smaller geographic range, and no need for leased telecommunication lines. Current Ethernet or other IEEE 802.3 LAN technologies operate at speeds up to 10 Gbit/s. This is the data transfer rate. IEEE has projects investigating the standardization of 40 and 100 Gbit/s. All interconnected devices must understand the network layer (layer 3), because they are handling multiple subnets (the different colors). Those inside the library, which have only 10/100 Mbit/s Ethernet connections to the user device and a Gigabit Ethernet connection to the central router, could be called "layer 3 switches" because they only have Ethernet interfaces and must understand IP. It would be more correct to call them access routers, where the router at the top is a distribution router that connects to the Internet and academic networks' customer access routers.

Personal area network

A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer and different information technological devices close to one person. Some examples of devices that are used in a PAN are personal computers, printers, fax machines, telephones, PDAs, scanners, and even video game consoles. A PAN may include wired and wireless devices. The reach of a PAN typically extends to 10 meters.[4] A wired PAN is usually constructed with USB and Firewire connections while technologies such as Bluetooth and infrared communication typically form a wireless PAN.

Home area network

A home area network (HAN) is a residential LAN which is used for communication between digital devices typically deployed in the home, usually a small number of personal computers and accessories, such as printers and mobile computing devices. An important function is the sharing of Internet access, often a broadband service through a CATV or Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) provider. It can also be referred as an office area network (OAN).

Wide area network

A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a large geographic area such as a city, country, or spans even intercontinental distances, using a communications channel that combines many types of media such as telephone lines, cables, and air waves. A WAN often uses transmission facilities provided by common carriers, such as telephone companies. WAN technologies generally function at the lower three layers of the OSI reference model: the physical layer, the data link layer, and the network layer.



Campus network

A campus network is a computer network made up of an interconnection of local area networks (LAN's) within a limited geographical area. The networking equipments (switches, routers) and transmission media (optical fiber, copper plant, Cat5 cabling etc.) are almost entirely owned (by the campus tenant / owner: an enterprise, university, government etc.).

In the case of a university campus-based campus network, the network is likely to link a variety of campus buildings including; academic departments, the university library and student residence halls.

Metropolitan area network

A Metropolitan area network is a large computer network that usually spans a city or a large campus.


A virtual private network (VPN) is a computer network in which some of the links between nodes are carried by open connections or virtual circuits in some larger network (e.g., the Internet) instead of by physical wires. The data link layer protocols of the virtual network are said to be tunneled through the larger network when this is the case. One common application is secure communications through the public Internet, but a VPN need not have explicit security features, such as authentication or content encryption. VPNs, for example, can be used to separate the traffic of different user communities over an underlying network with strong security features.

Virtual private network

VPN may have best-effort performance, or may have a defined service level agreement (SLA) between the VPN customer and the VPN service provider. Generally, a VPN has a topology more complex than point-to-point.

Internetwork

An internetwork is the connection of two or more private computer networks via a common routing technology (OSI Layer 3) using routers. The Internet is an aggregation of many internetworks, hence its name was shortened to Internet.

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What is Computer Network (Explicit Edition)

A computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of computers and devices interconnected by communications channels that facilitate communications among users and allows users to share resources. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics.

Introduction

A computer network allows sharing of resources and information among interconnected devices. In the 1960s, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) started funding the design of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) for the United States Department of Defense. It was the first computer network in the world. Development of the network began in 1969, based on designs developed during the 1960s.

Purpose

Computer networks can be used for several purposes:

• Facilitating communications. Using a network, people can communicate efficiently and easily via email, instant messaging, chat rooms, telephone, video telephone calls, and video conferencing.
• Sharing hardware. In a networked environment, each computer on a network may access and use hardware resources on the network, such as printing a document on a shared network printer.
• Sharing files, data, and information. In a network environment, authorized user may access data and information stored on other computers on the network. The capability of providing access to data and information on shared storage devices is an important feature of many networks.
• Sharing software. Users connected to a network may run application programs on remote computers.
• Information preservation.
• Security.
• Speed up. Sharing software. Users connected to a network may run application programs on remote computers.

Network classification

The following list presents categories used for classifying networks.

Connection method

Computer networks can be classified according to the hardware and software technology that is used to interconnect the individual devices in the network, such as optical fiber, Ethernet, wireless LAN, HomePNA, power line communication or G.hn.

Ethernet uses physical wiring to connect devices. Frequently deployed devices include hubs, switches, bridges, or routers. Wireless LAN technology is designed to connect devices without wiring. These devices use radio waves or infrared signals as a transmission medium. ITU-T G.hn technology uses existing home wiring (coaxial cable, phone lines and power lines) to create a high-speed (up to 1 Gigabit/s) local area network.

Scale

Networks are often classified as local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), personal area network (PAN), virtual private network (VPN), campus area network (CAN),storage area network (SAN), and others, depending on their scale, scope and purpose, e.g., controller area network (CAN) usage, trust level, and access right often differ between these types of networks. LANs tend to be designed for internal use by an organization's internal systems and employees in individual physical locations, such as a building, while WANs may connect physically separate parts of an organization and may include connections to third parties.

Functional relationship (network architecture)

Computer networks may be classified according to the functional relationships which exist among the elements of the network, e.g., active networking, client–server and peer-to-peer (workgroup) architecture.

Network topology

Computer networks may be classified according to the network topology upon which the network is based, such as bus network, star network, ring network, mesh network. Network topology is the coordination by which devices in the network are arranged in their logical relations to one another, independent of physical arrangement. Even if networked computers are physically placed in a linear arrangement and are connected to a hub, the network has a star topology, rather than a bus topology. In this regard the visual and operational characteristics of a network are distinct. Networks may be classified based on the method of data used to convey the data, these include digital and analog networks.

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History of Wireless Networking

In 1970 Norman Abramson, a professor at the University of Hawaii, developed the world’s first wireless computer communication network, ALOHAnet, using low-cost ham-like radios. The bi-directional star topology of the system included seven computers were deployed over four islands to communicate with the central computer on the Oahu Island without using phone lines.

"In 1979, F.R. Gfeller and U. Bapst published a paper in the IEEE Proceedings reporting an experimental wireless local area network using diffused infrared communications. Shortly thereafter, in 1980, P. Ferrert reported on an experimental application of a single code spread spectrum radio for wireless terminal communications in the IEEE National Telecommunications Conference. In 1984, a comparison between infrared and CDMA spread spectrum communications for wireless office information networks was published by Kaveh Pahlavan in IEEE Computer Networking Symposium which appeared later in the IEEE Communication Society Magazine. In May 1985, the efforts of Marcus led the FCC to announce experimental ISM bands for commercial application of spread spectrum technology. Later on, M. Kavehrad reported on an experimental wireless PBX system using code division multiple access. These efforts prompted significant industrial activities in the development of a new generation of wireless local area networks and it updated several old discussions in the portable and mobile radio industry.
The first generation of wireless data modems was developed in the early 1980s by amateur radio operators, who commonly referred to this as packet radio. They added a voice band data communication modem, with data rates below 9600-bit/s, to an existing short distance radio system, typically in the two meter amateur band. The second generation of wireless modems was developed immediately after the FCC announcement in the experimental bands for non-military use of the spread spectrum technology. These modems provided data rates on the order of hundreds of kbit/s. The third generation of wireless modem then aimed at compatibility with the existing LANs with data rates on the order of Mbit/s. Several companies developed the third generation products with data rates above 1 Mbit/s and a couple of products had already been announced by the time of the first IEEE Workshop on Wireless LANs."


54 MBit/s WLAN PCI Card (802.11g)
"The first of the IEEE Workshops on Wireless LAN was held in 1991. At that time early wireless LAN products had just appeared in the market and the IEEE 802.11 committee had just started its activities to develop a standard for wireless LANs. The focus of that first workshop was evaluation of the alternative technologies. By 1996, the technology was relatively mature, a variety of applications had been identified and addressed and technologies that enable these applications were well understood. Chip sets aimed at wireless LAN implementations and applications, a key enabling technology for rapid market growth, were emerging in the market. Wireless LANs were being used in hospitals, stock exchanges, and other in building and campus settings for nomadic access, point-to-point LAN bridges, ad-hoc networking, and even larger applications through internetworking. The IEEE 802.11 standard and variants and alternatives, such as the wireless LAN interoperability forum and the European HiperLAN specification had made rapid progress, and the unlicensed PCS Unlicensed Personal Communications Services and the proposed SUPERNet, later on renamed as U-NII, bands also presented new opportunities."
WLAN hardware was initially so expensive that it was only used as an alternative to cabled LAN in places where cabling was difficult or impossible. Early development included industry-specific solutions and proprietary protocols, but at the end of the 1990s these were replaced by standards, primarily the various versions of IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi). An alternative ATM-like 5 GHz standardized technology, HiperLAN/2, has so far not succeeded in the market, and with the release of the faster 54 Mbit/s 802.11a (5 GHz) and 802.11g (2.4 GHz) standards, almost certainly never will. Read More..

Wireless Networking System

Wireless network refers to any type of computer network that is wireless, and is commonly associated with a telecommunications network whose interconnections between nodes are implemented without the use of wires. Wireless telecommunications networks are generally implemented with some type of remote information transmission system that uses electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves, for the carrier and this implementation usually takes place at the physical level or "layer" of the network.

Types of wireless connections

Wireless PAN
Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) interconnect devices within a relatively small area, generally within reach of a person. For example, Bluetooth provides a WPAN for interconnecting a headset to a laptop. ZigBee also supports WPAN applications. Wi-Fi PANs are also getting popular as vendors have started integrating Wi-Fi in variety of consumer electronic devices. Intel My WiFi and Windows 7 virtual Wi-Fi capabilities have made Wi-Fi PANs simpler and easier to set up and configure.
Wireless LAN
A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices using a wireless distribution method (typically spread-spectrum or OFDM radio), and usually providing a connection through an access point to the wider internet. This gives users the mobility to move around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the network.
Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi is increasingly used as a synonym for 802.11 WLANs, although it is technically a certification of interoperability between 802.11 devices.
Fixed Wireless Data: This implements point to point links between computers or networks at two locations, often using dedicated microwave or laser beams over line of sight paths. It is often used in cities to connect networks in two or more buildings without physically wiring the buildings together.
Wireless MAN
Wireless Metropolitan area networks are a type of wireless network that connects several Wireless LANs.
WiMAX is the term used to refer to wireless MANs and is covered in IEEE 802.16d/802.16e.
Wireless WAN
wireless wide area networks are wireless networks that typically cover large outdoor areas. These networks can be used to connect branch offices of business or as a public internet access system. They are usually deployed on the 2.4 GHz band. A typical system contains base station gateways, access points and wireless bridging relays. Other configurations are mesh systems where each access point acts as a relay also. When combined with renewable energy systems such as photo-voltaic solar panels or wind systems they can be stand alone systems.
Mobile devices networks
Further information: mobile telecommunications
With the development of smart phones, cellular telephone networks routinely carry data in addition to telephone conversations:
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM): The GSM network is divided into three major systems: the switching system, the base station system, and the operation and support system. The cell phone connects to the base system station which then connects to the operation and support station; it then connects to the switching station where the call is transferred to where it needs to go. GSM is the most common standard and is used for a majority of cell phones.
Personal Communications Service (PCS): PCS is a radio band that can be used by mobile phones in North America and South Asia. Sprint happened to be the first service to set up a PCS.
D-AMPS: Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service, an upgraded version of AMPS, is being phased out due to advancement in technology. The newer GSM networks are replacing the older system.

Uses of Wireless Networking System
Wireless networks have continued to develop and their uses have grown significantly. Cellular phones are part of huge wireless network systems. People use these phones daily to communicate with one another. Sending information overseas is possible through wireless network systems using satellites and other signals to communicate across the world. Emergency services such as the police department utilize wireless networks to communicate important information quickly. People and businesses use wireless networks to send and share data quickly whether it be in a small office building or across the world.
Another important use for wireless networks is as an inexpensive and rapid way to be connected to the Internet in countries and regions where the telecom infrastructure is poor or there is a lack of resources, as in most developing countries.
Compatibility issues also arise when dealing with wireless networks. Different components not made by the same company may not work together, or might require extra work to fix these issues. Wireless networks are typically slower than those that are directly connected through an Ethernet cable.
A wireless network is more vulnerable, because anyone can try to break into a network broadcasting a signal. Many networks offer WEP - Wired Equivalent Privacy - security systems which have been found to be vulnerable to intrusion. Though WEP does block some intruders, the security problems have caused some businesses to stick with wired networks until security can be improved. Another type of security for wireless networks is WPA - Wi-Fi Protected Access. WPA provides more security to wireless networks than a WEP security set up. The use of firewalls will help with security breaches which can help to fix security problems in some wireless networks that are more vulnerable.

Environmental concerns and health hazard
In recent times, there have been increased concerns about the safety of wireless communications, despite little evidence of health risks so far. The president of Lakehead University refused to agree to installation of a wireless network citing a California Public Utilities Commission study which said that the possible risk of tumors and other diseases due to exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) needs to be further investigated.
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Network System Standard

There are two standard of Network System : Peer-to-Peer and Server-Client

-Peer-to-Peer System
Peer-to-Peer System allows user to share their available resources in their computers, like printers, files, folders, etc. and also accessing resources on another computers. In this model, Dedicated Server computers or centered resources are not needed because of all computers in the network have same abilities to share their available resources. This model is designed for used in small or middle networking scale.
The advantages of using this network system model :
- Cheap,
- Easy to use, only need to settings for Peer-to-Peer connection,
- Don't need use of Server-dedicated PC
Disadvantages of this network model :
- Not centered, especially on File and Application Storage
- Don't have enough security because of no Server-dedicated security devices and softwares.

-Server-Client System
Server-Client system allows network centralization function and application to one or more Server-Dedicated PC. This Specialized PC will be the heart of the network and all of the system, allow access to all resources in safe from every-connected devices, and also provide extra security in the network. Stand-alone Workstation could receive resources from Server PC, this Cloud-OS provides mechanism to integrated all devices in the network and may allows many user using at the same time accessing all the resources in the Server. Linux, Novel Netware, WinNT are the example of CloudOS or Network based OS of network system Server-Client type.
The advantages are :
- Centered
- Resources and security controlled from server
- Scale-ability
- Flexibility
- New Tech may integrated to system easily.
- All component(client/network/server) may working together in the same time.
The disadvantages are :
- High Cost for operational and system building.
- Big investment if using server-dedicated pc.
- Need experienced person to control.
- If the server down, the system operation will drops too.
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Services that available on the Networks and Internet

Internet Services refers to the various services that are available in the Internet. They are applications that are running behind or on the Internet. Each service was developed for different purposes since the Internet has been used since its introduction used in different ways. For each one of those purposes the Internet there is a service available or running on the Internet. Also, each service is provided by a Protocol. The terms "Service" and "Protocol" are equivalent since each service uses a standard Protocol. The number of services available on the Internet continues to increase while others are just modified.

Examples of Internet Services (notice that they are also Protocols): World Wide Web (notice that even though the WWW might be the most popular (along with email) it is not the only Internet Service).

• Telecommunication Network (Telnet),
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP),
• Email,
• Gopher,
• WAIS (Wide Area Information Service),
• VoIP (Voice over IP),
• Finger

More Internet Services :

• E-Commerce, E-Learning, E-Ticketing, etc.
• Social Networking
• News Online
• and many more.

from wikipedia with addition

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Types of Network Transfer Media/Medium

There are many types of Network Transfer Media/Medium in a Network. Those are Coaxial Cable (Thin and Thick), Twisted Paired (Shielded and Unshielded), Fiber Optics, Power Line, Wireless Fidelity or Wi-Fi (A/B/G/N), Bluetooth(Rarely), Infrared(Rarely), GSM, CDMA, WCDMA, Wi-MAx, and others.
Example of network card :  this is a card for networking via UTP or STP cable (socket RJ-45)

Example of network cable : this is an UTP type cable. Read More..

Some Info About the Internet that You Need to Know

1. Internet is big and it's going to big and bigger.
2. Rules on the Internet are depend on Country that you access internet from and depend on the website you access too.
3. Internet was a crude unreal world since Computer Viruses, Worms, Malwares, etc. are founded.
4. Some sources at the Internet can't be trusted at all, it may contains harmful thing for your computer and your identity itself. But some programs would block it from accessed by yourself.
5. More item will be added when i get more things about the internet you need to know.

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What is internet and what is network?

Internet (interconnected network or international network) is connection between many network and other network that connected internationally in different continent and country. Network is connection between computer and other computer or network devices. Read More..